What did the inventor of the 10 ton truck say

ALMA antenna transporters are 20 m (&lt;span class="frac" role="math"&gt;65&lt;span class="sr-only"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="num"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;⁄&lt;span class="den"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;ft) long, &lt;link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"&gt;10&amp;nbsp;m (&lt;span class="frac" role="math"&gt;32&lt;span class="sr-only"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="num"&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;⁄&lt;span class="den"&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;ft) wide, weigh 130&amp;nbsp;t (127.9 long tons; 143.3 short tons) and drive on 28 tires.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-20"&gt;[20]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Off-road trucks include standard, extra heavy-duty highway-legal trucks, typically outfitted with off-road features such as a front driving axle and special tires for applications such as logging and construction, and purpose-built off-road vehicles unconstrained by weight limits, such as the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebherr_T_282B" class="mw-redirect" title="Liebherr T 282B"&gt;Liebherr T 282B&lt;/a&gt; mining truck. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Maximum_sizes_by_country"&gt;Maximum sizes by country&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"&gt;&lt;div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"&gt;Further information: &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_train" title="Road train"&gt;Road train&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Australia has complex regulations over weight and length, including axle spacing, type of axle/axle group, rear overhang, kingpin to rear of trailer, drawbar length, ground clearance, as well as height and width laws. These limits are some of the highest in the world, a B-double can weigh 62.5&amp;nbsp;t (61.5 long tons; 68.9 short tons) and be 25&amp;nbsp;m (82&amp;nbsp;ft) long, and &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_train" title="Road train"&gt;road trains&lt;/a&gt; used in the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outback" title="Outback"&gt;outback&lt;/a&gt; can weigh 172&amp;nbsp;t (169.3 long tons; 189.6 short tons) and be 53.5&amp;nbsp;m (176&amp;nbsp;ft) long.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-aus1_21-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-aus1-21"&gt;[21]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-aus6_22-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-aus6-22"&gt;[22]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The European Union also has complex regulations. The number and spacing of axles, steering, single or dual tires, and suspension type all affect maximum weights. Length of a truck, of a trailer, from axle to hitch point, kingpin to rear of trailer, and turning radius are all regulated. In additions, there are special rules for carrying containers, and countries can set their own rules for local traffic.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-eurlex_23-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-eurlex-23"&gt;[23]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The United States Federal Bridge Law deals with the relation between the gross weight of the truck, the number of axles, the weight on and the spacing between the axles that the truck can have on the Interstate highway system.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-24"&gt;[24]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Each State determines the maximum permissible &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_vehicle_weight_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross vehicle weight rating"&gt;vehicle&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_combined_weight_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross combined weight rating"&gt;combination&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_axle_weight_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross axle weight rating"&gt;axle&lt;/a&gt; weight on state and local roads. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;div style="clear:both"&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;table class="wikitable"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Country&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;Maximum&lt;br&gt;with three axles&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;With one trailer&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;Maximum combination &lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="width:125px"&gt;Australia&lt;sup id="cite_ref-aus1_21-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-aus1-21"&gt;[21]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-aus6_22-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-aus6-22"&gt;[22]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="width:125px;vertical-align:top"&gt;23&amp;nbsp;t (22.6 long tons; 25.4 short tons)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="width:125px;vertical-align:bottom"&gt;12&amp;nbsp;m (39&amp;nbsp;ft)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="width:150px"&gt;172&amp;nbsp;t (169.3 long tons; 189.6 short tons)&lt;br&gt;53.5&amp;nbsp;m (176&amp;nbsp;ft) &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;China&lt;sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-25"&gt;[25]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;25&amp;nbsp;t (24.6 long tons; 27.6 short tons)&lt;br&gt;12&amp;nbsp;m (39&amp;nbsp;ft)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;49&amp;nbsp;t (48.2 long tons; 54.0 short tons)&lt;br&gt;16.5&amp;nbsp;m (54&amp;nbsp;ft)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;55&amp;nbsp;t (54.1 long tons; 60.6 short tons)&lt;br&gt;18.75&amp;nbsp;m (62&amp;nbsp;ft) &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;EU&lt;sup id="cite_ref-eurlex_23-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-eurlex-23"&gt;[23]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;26&amp;nbsp;t (25.6 long tons; 28.7 short tons) &lt;br&gt;12&amp;nbsp;m (39&amp;nbsp;ft)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="vertical-align:bottom"&gt;16.5&amp;nbsp;m (54&amp;nbsp;ft)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;44&amp;nbsp;t (43.3 long tons; 48.5 short tons)&lt;br&gt;18.75&amp;nbsp;m (62&amp;nbsp;ft) &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;Finland&lt;sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-26"&gt;[26]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;28&amp;nbsp;t (27.6 long tons; 30.9 short tons)&lt;br&gt;13&amp;nbsp;m (43&amp;nbsp;ft)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;76&amp;nbsp;t (74.8 long tons; 83.8 short tons)&lt;br&gt;34.5&amp;nbsp;m (113&amp;nbsp;ft 2&amp;nbsp;in)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;76&amp;nbsp;t (74.8 long tons; 83.8 short tons)&lt;br&gt;34.5&amp;nbsp;m (113&amp;nbsp;ft) &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;Ireland&lt;sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-27"&gt;[27]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;26&amp;nbsp;t (25.6 long tons; 28.7 short tons)&lt;br&gt;12&amp;nbsp;m (39&amp;nbsp;ft)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;30&amp;nbsp;t (29.5 long tons; 33.1 short tons)&lt;br&gt;16.5&amp;nbsp;m (54&amp;nbsp;ft 2&amp;nbsp;in)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;44&amp;nbsp;t (43.3 long tons; 48.5 short tons)&lt;br&gt;22&amp;nbsp;m (72&amp;nbsp;ft) &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;Sweden&lt;sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-28"&gt;[28]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;26&amp;nbsp;t (25.6 long tons; 28.7 short tons)&lt;br&gt;24&amp;nbsp;m (79&amp;nbsp;ft)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;60&amp;nbsp;t (59.1 long tons; 66.1 short tons)&lt;br&gt;24&amp;nbsp;m (78&amp;nbsp;ft 9&amp;nbsp;in)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;60&amp;nbsp;t (59.1 long tons; 66.1 short tons)&lt;br&gt;25.25&amp;nbsp;m (82.8&amp;nbsp;ft) &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;UK&lt;sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-29"&gt;[29]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;26&amp;nbsp;t (25.6 long tons; 28.7 short tons)&lt;br&gt;12&amp;nbsp;m (39&amp;nbsp;ft)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;44&amp;nbsp;t (43.3 long tons; 48.5 short tons)&lt;br&gt;16.5&amp;nbsp;m (54&amp;nbsp;ft)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;44&amp;nbsp;t (43.3 long tons; 48.5 short tons)&lt;br&gt;18.75&amp;nbsp;m (62&amp;nbsp;ft) &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;USA&lt;sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-30"&gt;[30]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-31"&gt;[31]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;(Interstate)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;54,000&amp;nbsp;lb (24&amp;nbsp;t)&lt;br&gt;45&amp;nbsp;ft (13.7&amp;nbsp;m)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;80,000&amp;nbsp;lb (36&amp;nbsp;t)&lt;br&gt;none&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;80,000&amp;nbsp;lb (36&amp;nbsp;t) &lt;br&gt;none &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;p&gt;Uniquely, the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Michigan"&gt;State of Michigan&lt;/a&gt; has a gross vehicle weight limit of 164,000&amp;nbsp;lb (74&amp;nbsp;t), which is twice the U.S. federal limit.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Egan_32-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-Egan-32"&gt;[32]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-33"&gt;[33]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-34"&gt;[34]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; A measure to change the law was defeated in the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Senate" title="Michigan Senate"&gt;Michigan Senate&lt;/a&gt; in 2019.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-35"&gt;[35]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Chatti_36-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-Chatti-36"&gt;[36]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-FHA_37-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-FHA-37"&gt;[37]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Egan1_38-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-Egan1-38"&gt;[38]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Egan2_39-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-Egan2-39"&gt;[39]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Design"&gt;Design&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;Almost all trucks share a common construction: they are made of a &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chassis" title="Chassis"&gt;chassis&lt;/a&gt;, a &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#Cab"&gt;cab&lt;/a&gt;, an area for placing &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo"&gt;cargo&lt;/a&gt; or equipment, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axle" title="Axle"&gt;axles&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (vehicle)"&gt;suspension&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel"&gt;roadwheels&lt;/a&gt;, an &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine" title="Engine"&gt;engine&lt;/a&gt; and a &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powertrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Powertrain"&gt;drivetrain&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatic"&gt;Pneumatic&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic"&gt;hydraulic&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Engine cooling"&gt;water&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical"&gt;electrical&lt;/a&gt; systems may also be present. Many also tow one or more &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer_(vehicle)" title="Trailer (vehicle)"&gt;trailers&lt;/a&gt; or semi-trailers. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Cab"&gt;Cab&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tleft"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fuso_Super_Great_471-AJ_20181024.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fuso_Super_Great_471-AJ_20181024.jpg/220px-Fuso_Super_Great_471-AJ_20181024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fuso_Super_Great_471-AJ_20181024.jpg/330px-Fuso_Super_Great_471-AJ_20181024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fuso_Super_Great_471-AJ_20181024.jpg/440px-Fuso_Super_Great_471-AJ_20181024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="1845"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fuso_Super_Great_471-AJ_20181024.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;A cabover truck&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kenworth_T2000,_Kenworth_Dealer_Hall_of_Fame,_2015.JPG" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kenworth_T2000%2C_Kenworth_Dealer_Hall_of_Fame%2C_2015.JPG/220px-Kenworth_T2000%2C_Kenworth_Dealer_Hall_of_Fame%2C_2015.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kenworth_T2000%2C_Kenworth_Dealer_Hall_of_Fame%2C_2015.JPG/330px-Kenworth_T2000%2C_Kenworth_Dealer_Hall_of_Fame%2C_2015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kenworth_T2000%2C_Kenworth_Dealer_Hall_of_Fame%2C_2015.JPG/440px-Kenworth_T2000%2C_Kenworth_Dealer_Hall_of_Fame%2C_2015.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3127" data-file-height="3126"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kenworth_T2000,_Kenworth_Dealer_Hall_of_Fame,_2015.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Streamlined conventional cab&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kuwaiti_BM-30_Smerch.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kuwaiti_BM-30_Smerch.jpg/170px-Kuwaiti_BM-30_Smerch.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kuwaiti_BM-30_Smerch.jpg/255px-Kuwaiti_BM-30_Smerch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kuwaiti_BM-30_Smerch.jpg/340px-Kuwaiti_BM-30_Smerch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2646" data-file-height="3582"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kuwaiti_BM-30_Smerch.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Cab beside engine&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;The "cab", or "cabin" is an enclosed space where the driver is seated. A "&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck_sleeper" title="Truck sleeper"&gt;sleeper&lt;/a&gt;" is a compartment attached to or integral with the cab where the driver can rest while not driving, sometimes seen in semi-trailer trucks. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;There are several cab configurations: &lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;"&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cab_over" title="Cab over"&gt;Cab over&lt;/a&gt; engine" (COE) or "flat nose"; where the driver is seated above the front axle and the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine"&gt;engine&lt;/a&gt;. This design is almost ubiquitous in Europe, where overall truck lengths are strictly regulated, and is widely used in the rest of the world. They were common in North American heavy-duty trucks but lost prominence when permitted length was extended in the early 1980s. Nevertheless, this design is still popular in North America among medium- and light-duty trucks. To reach the engine, the whole cab tilts forward, earning this design the name of "tilt-cab". This type of cab is especially suited to the delivery conditions in Europe where many roads require the short turning radius afforded by the shorter wheelbase of the cab over engine layout.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200058–61_40-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200058%E2%80%9361-40"&gt;[40]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;"Conventional" cabs seated the driver behind the engine, as in most passenger cars or pickup trucks. Many new cabs are very &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/wikt:streamline" class="extiw" title="m:wikt:streamline"&gt;streamlined&lt;/a&gt;, with a sloped hood (bonnet) and other features to lower drag. Conventional cabs are the most common in North America, Australia, and China, and are known in the UK as "American cabs"&lt;sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)"&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; and in the Netherlands as "torpedo cabs".&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;"Cab beside engine" designs are used for &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_tractor" title="Terminal tractor"&gt;terminal tractors&lt;/a&gt; at &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipyard" title="Shipyard"&gt;shipping yards&lt;/a&gt; and for other specialist vehicles carrying long loads such as pipes. This type is often made by replacing the passenger side of a cab-over truck with an extended section of the load bed.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;A further step from this is the side loading &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forklift" title="Forklift"&gt;forklift&lt;/a&gt; that can be described as a specially fabricated vehicle with the same properties as a truck of this type, in addition to the ability to pick up its own load. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Engines_and_motors"&gt;Engines and motors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cummins_Engine_(LKW).jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cummins_Engine_%28LKW%29.jpg/220px-Cummins_Engine_%28LKW%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cummins_Engine_%28LKW%29.jpg/330px-Cummins_Engine_%28LKW%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cummins_Engine_%28LKW%29.jpg/440px-Cummins_Engine_%28LKW%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2171" data-file-height="1806"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cummins_Engine_(LKW).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummins_B_Series_engine#B6.7" title="Cummins B Series engine"&gt;Cummins ISB&lt;/a&gt; 6.7L medium-duty truck diesel engine&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Most small trucks such as &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_utility_vehicle" title="Sport utility vehicle"&gt;sport utility vehicles&lt;/a&gt; (SUVs), &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van" title="Van"&gt;vans&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck"&gt;pickups&lt;/a&gt;, and even light medium-duty trucks in North America, China, and Russia use &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasoline engine"&gt;gasoline engines&lt;/a&gt; (petrol engines), but many &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine"&gt;diesel engined&lt;/a&gt; models are now being produced. Most of the heavier trucks use &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_stroke_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stroke cycle"&gt;four-stroke&lt;/a&gt; diesel engines with a &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger"&gt;turbocharger&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercooler" title="Intercooler"&gt;intercooler&lt;/a&gt;. Huge off-highway trucks use locomotive-type engines such as a &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V12_engine" title="V12 engine"&gt;V12&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Diesel" title="Detroit Diesel"&gt;Detroit Diesel&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_stroke_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Two stroke cycle"&gt;two stroke&lt;/a&gt; engine. A large proportion of refuse trucks in the United States employ &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNG" class="mw-redirect" title="CNG"&gt;CNG&lt;/a&gt; (compressed natural gas) engines for their low fuel cost and reduced carbon emissions. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A significant proportion of North American manufactured trucks use an engine built by the last remaining major independent engine manufacturer (&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummins_(corporation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cummins (corporation)"&gt;Cummins&lt;/a&gt;) but most global OEMs such as &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_Trucks" title="Volvo Trucks"&gt;Volvo Trucks&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler AG"&gt;Daimler AG&lt;/a&gt; promote their own "captive" engines.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-41"&gt;[41]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the European Union, all new truck engines must comply with &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_emission_standards" title="European emission standards"&gt;Euro&amp;nbsp;VI&lt;/a&gt; emission regulations.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-42"&gt;[42]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;As of 2019&lt;sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Truck&amp;action=edit"&gt;[update]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; several alternative technologies are competing to displace the use of diesel engines in heavy trucks. CNG engines are widely used in the US refuse industry and in concrete mixers, among other short-range vocations, but range limitations have prevented their broader uptake in freight hauling applications. Heavy &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_truck" title="Electric truck"&gt;electric trucks&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle#Heavy_trucks" title="Hydrogen vehicle"&gt;hydrogen-powered trucks&lt;/a&gt; are new to the market in 2021,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-43"&gt;[43]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-44"&gt;[44]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; but major freight haulers are interested.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-45"&gt;[45]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-46"&gt;[46]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Although cars will be first the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-out_of_fossil_fuel_vehicles" title="Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles"&gt;phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles&lt;/a&gt; includes trucks.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-47"&gt;[47]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; According to &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist"&gt;The Economist&lt;/a&gt; magazine "Electric lorries will probably run on hydrogen, not batteries, which are too expensive."&lt;sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-48"&gt;[48]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Other researchers say that once faster &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charging_station" title="Charging station"&gt;chargers&lt;/a&gt; are available batteries will become competitive against diesel for all, except perhaps the heaviest, trucks.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-49"&gt;[49]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Drivetrain"&gt;Drivetrain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rear_axles_tandem.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Rear_axles_tandem.jpg/220px-Rear_axles_tandem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Rear_axles_tandem.jpg/330px-Rear_axles_tandem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Rear_axles_tandem.jpg/440px-Rear_axles_tandem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="1524"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rear_axles_tandem.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;A truck rear suspension and drive axles overview&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eaton_Autoshift.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Eaton_Autoshift.jpg/220px-Eaton_Autoshift.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Eaton_Autoshift.jpg/330px-Eaton_Autoshift.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Eaton_Autoshift.jpg/440px-Eaton_Autoshift.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eaton_Autoshift.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Eaton Roadranger 18 speed "crash box" with automated gearshift&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Small trucks use the same type of &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (mechanics)"&gt;transmissions&lt;/a&gt; as almost all cars, having either an automatic transmission or a manual transmission with &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchromesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchromesh"&gt;synchromesh&lt;/a&gt; (synchronizers). Bigger trucks often use manual transmissions without synchronizers, saving bulk and weight, although synchromesh transmissions are used in larger trucks as well. Transmissions without synchronizers, known as "crash boxes", require &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-clutching" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-clutching"&gt;double-clutching&lt;/a&gt; for each shift, (which can lead to repetitive motion injuries), or a technique known colloquially as "floating", a method of changing gears which doesn't use the clutch, except for starts and stops, due to the physical effort of double-clutching, especially with non-power-assisted clutches, faster shifts, and less clutch wear. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Double-clutching allows the driver to control the engine and transmission revolutions to synchronize so that a smooth shift can be made; for example, when upshifting, the accelerator pedal is released and the clutch pedal is depressed while the gear lever is moved into neutral, the clutch pedal is then released and quickly pushed down again while the gear lever is moved to the next higher gear. Finally, the clutch pedal is released and the accelerator pedal pushed down to obtain the required engine speed. Although this is a relatively fast movement, perhaps a second or so while the transmission is in neutral, it allows the engine speed to drop and synchronize engine and transmission revolutions relative to the road speed. Downshifting is performed in a similar fashion, except the engine speed is now required to increase (while the transmission is in neutral) just the right amount in order to achieve the synchronization for a smooth, non-collision gear change. "Skip changing" is also widely used; in principle, the operation is the same as double-clutching, but it requires neutral be held slightly longer than a single-gear change. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Common North American setups include 9, 10, 13, 15, and 18&amp;nbsp;speeds. &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_transmission" title="Automatic transmission"&gt;Automatic&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_manual_transmission" title="Automated manual transmission"&gt;automated manual transmissions&lt;/a&gt; for heavy trucks are becoming more and more common, due to advances both in transmission and engine power. In Europe, 8, 10, 12, and 16&amp;nbsp;gears are common on larger trucks with a manual transmission, while conventional automatic or automated manual transmissions would have anything from 5 to 12 gears. Almost all heavy truck transmissions are of the "range and split" (double H shift pattern) type, where range change and so‑called half gears or splits are air operated and always preselected before the main gear selection. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Frame"&gt;Frame&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_truck_chassis_section.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/A_truck_chassis_section.jpg/220px-A_truck_chassis_section.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/A_truck_chassis_section.jpg/330px-A_truck_chassis_section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/A_truck_chassis_section.jpg/440px-A_truck_chassis_section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_truck_chassis_section.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;A truck rear frame (chassis) section view&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ToyotaTundraChassis.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ToyotaTundraChassis.jpg/220px-ToyotaTundraChassis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ToyotaTundraChassis.jpg/330px-ToyotaTundraChassis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ToyotaTundraChassis.jpg/440px-ToyotaTundraChassis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ToyotaTundraChassis.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Pickup truck frame (right rear view)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;A truck &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frame (vehicle)"&gt;frame&lt;/a&gt; consists of two parallel boxed (tubular) or C‑shaped rails, or beams, held together by &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossmember" title="Crossmember"&gt;crossmembers&lt;/a&gt;. These frames are referred to as &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladder_frame" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladder frame"&gt;ladder frames&lt;/a&gt; due to their resemblance to a ladder if tipped on end. The rails consist of a tall vertical section (two if boxed) and two shorter horizontal flanges. The height of the vertical section provides opposition to vertical flex when weight is applied to the top of the frame (beam resistance). Though typically flat the whole length on heavy-duty trucks, the rails may sometimes be tapered or arched for clearance around the engine or over the axles. The holes in rails are used either for mounting vehicle components and running wires and hoses or measuring and adjusting the orientation of the rails at the factory or repair shop. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The frame is usually made of &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel" title="Steel"&gt;steel&lt;/a&gt;, but can be made (whole or in part) of &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum"&gt;aluminum&lt;/a&gt; for a lighter weight. A &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawbar_(haulage)" title="Drawbar (haulage)"&gt;tow bar&lt;/a&gt; may be found attached at one or both ends, but heavy tractors almost always make use of a &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth wheel"&gt;fifth wheel&lt;/a&gt; hitch.&lt;sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)"&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Body_types"&gt;Body types&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_truck" title="Box truck"&gt;Box trucks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; ("tilts" in the UK) have walls and a roof, making an enclosed load space. The rear has doors for unloading; a side door is sometimes fitted.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200030–31_50-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200030%E2%80%9331-50"&gt;[50]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chassis_cab" title="Chassis cab"&gt;Chassis cab&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; trucks have a fully-enclosed cab at the front, with bare &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chassis" title="Chassis"&gt;chassis&lt;/a&gt; frame-rails behind, suitable for subsequent permanent attachment of a specialized payload, like a &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_engine" title="Fire engine"&gt;fire-truck&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance#Design_and_construction" title="Ambulance"&gt;ambulance&lt;/a&gt; body. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_mixer" title="Concrete mixer"&gt;Concrete mixers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; have a rotating drum on an inclined axis, rotating in one direction to mix, and in the other to discharge the concrete down chutes. Because of the weight and power requirements of the drum body and rough construction sites, mixers have to be very heavy duty.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-51"&gt;[51]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-52"&gt;[52]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dump_truck" title="Dump truck"&gt;Dump trucks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; ("tippers" in the UK) transport loose material such as sand, gravel, or dirt for construction. A typical dump truck has an open-box bed, which is hinged at the rear and lifts at the front, allowing the material in the bed to be unloaded ("dumped") on the ground behind the truck.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200034–35_53-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200034%E2%80%9335-53"&gt;[53]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-54"&gt;[54]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatbed_truck" title="Flatbed truck"&gt;Flatbed trucks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; have an entirely flat, level platform body. This allows for quick and easy loading but has no protection for the load. Hanging or removable sides are sometimes fitted.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200028–29_55-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200028%E2%80%9329-55"&gt;[55]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerator_truck" title="Refrigerator truck"&gt;Refrigerator trucks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; have insulated panels as walls and a roof and floor, used for transporting fresh and frozen cargo such as ice cream, food, vegetables, and prescription drugs. They are mostly equipped with double-wing rear doors, but a side door is sometimes fitted. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_truck" title="Garbage truck"&gt;Refuse trucks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; have a specialized body for collecting and, often, compacting trash collected from municipal, commercial, and industrial sites. This application has the widest use of the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cab-over" class="mw-redirect" title="Cab-over"&gt;cab-over&lt;/a&gt; configuration in North America, to provide better maneuverability in tight situations. They are also among the most severe-duty and highest &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GVWR" class="mw-redirect" title="GVWR"&gt;GVWR&lt;/a&gt; trucks on public roads. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor_unit" title="Tractor unit"&gt;Semi-tractors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; ("artics" in the UK) have a fifth wheel for towing a semi-trailer instead of a body. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_truck" title="Tank truck"&gt;Tank trucks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; ("tankers" in the UK) are designed to carry &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquids" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquids"&gt;liquids&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas"&gt;gases&lt;/a&gt;. They usually have a cylindrical tank lying horizontally on the chassis. Many variants exist due to the wide variety of liquids and gases that can be transported.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200032–33_56-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200032%E2%80%9333-56"&gt;[56]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tow_truck" title="Tow truck"&gt;Wreckers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; ("recovery lorries" in the UK) are used to recover and/or tow disabled vehicles. They are normally equipped with a boom with a cable; wheel/chassis lifts are becoming common on newer trucks.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200046–47_57-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200046%E2%80%9347-57"&gt;[57]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-58"&gt;[58]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-59"&gt;[59]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Sales_and_sales_issues"&gt;Sales and sales issues&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Manufacturers"&gt;Manufacturers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"&gt;&lt;div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"&gt;Main article: &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_truck_manufacturers" title="List of truck manufacturers"&gt;List of truck manufacturers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Truck_market_worldwide"&gt;Truck market worldwide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"&gt; &lt;caption&gt;Largest truck manufacturers in the world as of 2015. &lt;/caption&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Pos.&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;Make&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;Units &lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;1 &lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler AG"&gt;Daimler AG&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz"&gt;Mercedes-Benz&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freightliner_Trucks" title="Freightliner Trucks"&gt;Freightliner&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimog" title="Unimog"&gt;Unimog&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Star_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Star (company)"&gt;Western Star&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Fuso_Truck_and_Bus_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation"&gt;Fuso&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BharatBenz" title="BharatBenz"&gt;BharatBenz&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;506,663&lt;sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-60"&gt;[60]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;2 &lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navistar_International" title="Navistar International"&gt;Navistar International&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;359,000&lt;sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-61"&gt;[61]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;3 &lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongfeng_Motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongfeng Motor"&gt;Dongfeng&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;336,869&lt;sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-62"&gt;[62]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;4 &lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Motors" title="Tata Motors"&gt;Tata&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;317,780&lt;sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-63"&gt;[63]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;5 &lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Volvo Group"&gt;Volvo Group&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_Trucks" title="Volvo Trucks"&gt;Volvo&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Trucks" title="Mack Trucks"&gt;Mack&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Trucks" title="Renault Trucks"&gt;Renault&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UD_Trucks" title="UD Trucks"&gt;UD Nissan&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="width:90px"&gt;207,475&lt;sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-64"&gt;[64]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;6 &lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group"&gt;Volkswagen Group&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAN_Truck_%26_Bus" title="MAN Truck &amp; Bus"&gt;MAN&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_AB" title="Scania AB"&gt;Scania&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Caminh%C3%B5es_e_%C3%94nibus" title="Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus"&gt;Caminhões e Ônibus&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;179,035&lt;sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-65"&gt;[65]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;7 &lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hino_Motors" title="Hino Motors"&gt;Hino&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;162,870&lt;sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-66"&gt;[66]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;8 &lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paccar" title="Paccar"&gt;Paccar&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAF_Trucks" title="DAF Trucks"&gt;DAF&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenworth" title="Kenworth"&gt;Kenworth&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterbilt" title="Peterbilt"&gt;Peterbilt&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyland_Trucks" title="Leyland Trucks"&gt;Leyland&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;154,700&lt;sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-67"&gt;[67]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;9 &lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iveco" title="Iveco"&gt;Iveco&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;140,200&lt;sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-68"&gt;[68]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Driving"&gt;Driving&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;In many countries, driving a truck requires a special driving license. The requirements and limitations vary with each different jurisdiction. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Australia"&gt;Australia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inside_Mack_Granite.JPG" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Inside_Mack_Granite.JPG/220px-Inside_Mack_Granite.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Inside_Mack_Granite.JPG/330px-Inside_Mack_Granite.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Inside_Mack_Granite.JPG/440px-Inside_Mack_Granite.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inside_Mack_Granite.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Inside a Mack truck&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;In Australia, a &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck_driver" title="Truck driver"&gt;truck driver&lt;/a&gt;'s license is required for any motor vehicle with a &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_Vehicle_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Vehicle Mass"&gt;Gross Vehicle Mass&lt;/a&gt; (GVM) exceeding 4.5&amp;nbsp;t (4.4 long tons; 5.0 short tons). The motor vehicles classes are further expanded as: &lt;/p&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dt&gt;Combination&lt;/dt&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;HC&lt;/b&gt;: Heavy Combination, a typical prime mover plus semi-trailer combination.&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;MC&lt;/b&gt;: Multi Combination, e.g.,&amp;nbsp;B&amp;nbsp;Doubles/road trains&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dt&gt;Rigid&lt;/dt&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;LR&lt;/b&gt;: Light rigid: a rigid vehicle with a GVM of more than 4.5&amp;nbsp;t (4.4 long tons; 5.0 short tons) but not more than 8&amp;nbsp;t (7.9 long tons; 8.8 short tons). Any towed trailer must not weigh more than 9&amp;nbsp;t (8.9 long tons; 9.9 short tons) GVM.&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;MR&lt;/b&gt;: Medium rigid: a rigid vehicle with 2&amp;nbsp;axles and a GVM of more than 8&amp;nbsp;t (7.9 long tons; 8.8 short tons). Any towed trailer must not weigh more than 9&amp;nbsp;t (8.9 long tons; 9.9 short tons) GVM. Also includes vehicles in class &lt;i&gt;LR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;HR&lt;/b&gt;: Heavy Rigid: a rigid vehicle with three or more axles and a GVM of more than 8&amp;nbsp;t (7.9 long tons; 8.8 short tons). Any towed trailer must not weigh more than 9&amp;nbsp;t (8.9 long tons; 9.9 short tons) GVM. Also includes articulated buses and vehicles in class&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;MR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dt&gt;Heavy vehicle transmission&lt;/dt&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;p&gt;There is also a heavy vehicle transmission condition for a license class &lt;i&gt;HC&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;HR&lt;/i&gt;, or &lt;i&gt;MC&lt;/i&gt; test passed in a vehicle fitted with an automatic or synchromesh transmission; a driver's license will be restricted to vehicles of that class fitted with a synchromesh or automatic transmission. To have the condition removed, a person needs to pass a practical driving test in a vehicle with non-synchromesh transmission (constant mesh or crash box).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-69"&gt;[69]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Europe"&gt;Europe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercedes-Benz_LKW_Lenkrad.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mercedes-Benz_LKW_Lenkrad.jpg/220px-Mercedes-Benz_LKW_Lenkrad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mercedes-Benz_LKW_Lenkrad.jpg/330px-Mercedes-Benz_LKW_Lenkrad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mercedes-Benz_LKW_Lenkrad.jpg/440px-Mercedes-Benz_LKW_Lenkrad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercedes-Benz_LKW_Lenkrad.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Inside a Mercedes-Benz truck&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Driving licensing has been harmonized throughout the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"&gt;European Union&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area"&gt;EEA&lt;/a&gt; (and practically all European non-member states), so that common rules apply within Europe (see &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_driving_licence" title="European driving licence"&gt;European driving licence&lt;/a&gt;). As an overview, to drive a vehicle weighing more than 7.5&amp;nbsp;t (7.4 long tons; 8.3 short tons) for commercial purposes requires a specialist license (the type varies depending on the use of the vehicle and number of seats). For licenses first acquired after 1997, that weight was reduced to 3.5&amp;nbsp;t (3.4 long tons; 3.9 short tons), not including trailers.&lt;sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)"&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Since 2013, the C1 license category allows driving vehicles over 3.5 and up to 7.5 tonnes. The C license category allows driving vehicles over 3.5 tonnes with a trailer up to 750&amp;nbsp;kg, and the CE category allows driving category C vehicles with a trailer over 750&amp;nbsp;kg. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="South_Africa"&gt;South Africa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;To drive any vehicle with a GVM exceeding 3.5&amp;nbsp;t (3.4 long tons; 3.9 short tons), a code C1 drivers license is required. Furthermore, if the vehicle exceeds 16&amp;nbsp;t (15.7 long tons; 17.6 short tons) a code C license becomes necessary. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To drive any vehicle in South Africa towing a trailer with a GVM more than 7.5&amp;nbsp;t (7.4 long tons; 8.3 short tons), further restrictions apply and the driver must possess a license suitable for the GVM of the total combination as well as an articulated endorsement. This is indicated with the letter "E" prefixing the license code. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In addition, any vehicle designed to carry goods or passengers may only be driven by a driver possessing a Public Driver's Permit, (or PrDP) of the applicable type. This is an additional license that is added to the DL card of the operator and subject to annual renewal unlike the five-year renewal period of a normal license. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The requirements for obtaining the different classes are below. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;"G": Required for the transport of general goods, requires a criminal record check and a fee on issuing and renewal.&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;"P": Required for the transport of paying passengers, requires a more stringent criminal record check, additionally the driver must be over the age of 21 at time of issue. A G class PrDP will be issued at the same time.&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;"D": Required for the transport of dangerous materials, requires all of the same checks as class P., and in addition the driver must be over 25 at time of issue.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="United_States"&gt;United States&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Truck_cab.JPG" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Truck_cab.JPG/220px-Truck_cab.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Truck_cab.JPG/330px-Truck_cab.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Truck_cab.JPG/440px-Truck_cab.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Truck_cab.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Inside a Navistar 9000&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;In the United States, a &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_driver%27s_license" title="Commercial driver's license"&gt;commercial driver's license&lt;/a&gt; is required to drive any type of commercial vehicle weighing 26,001&amp;nbsp;lb (11,794&amp;nbsp;kg) or more.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-70"&gt;[70]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The federal government regulates how many hours a driver may be on the clock, how much rest and sleep time is required (e.g., 11 hours driving/14 hours on-duty followed by 10 hours off, with a maximum of 70 hours/8 days or 60 hours/7 days, 34 hours restart )&lt;sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-71"&gt;[71]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Violations are often subject to significant penalties. Instruments to track each driver's hours must sometimes be fitted. In 2006, the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States"&gt;US trucking industry&lt;/a&gt; employed 1.8&amp;nbsp;million drivers of heavy trucks.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-72"&gt;[72]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;There is a shortage of willing trained long-distance truck drivers.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-73"&gt;[73]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Part of the reason for this is the economic fallout from &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation"&gt;deregulation&lt;/a&gt; of the trucking industry. &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_H._Belzer" title="Michael H. Belzer"&gt;Michael H. Belzer&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_professor" title="Associate professor"&gt;associate professor&lt;/a&gt;, in the economics department at &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_State_University" title="Wayne State University"&gt;Wayne State University&lt;/a&gt; and co-author of &lt;i&gt;Sweatshops on Wheels: Winners and Losers in Trucking Deregulation&lt;/i&gt;, argues that low pay, bad working conditions and unsafe conditions have been a direct result of deregulation.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_74-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-Oxford-74"&gt;[74]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-75"&gt;[75]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The book cites poor working conditions and an unfair pay system as responsible for high annual employee turnover in the industry.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-USNews_76-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-USNews-76"&gt;[76]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Post_77-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-Post-77"&gt;[77]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In 2018, in the US, 5,096 large trucks and buses were involved in fatal crashes: &lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;The number of large trucks involved in fatal crashes is 4,862,&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;The number of large trucks involved in injury crashes is 112,000,&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;The number of large trucks involved in property damage only crashes is 414,000.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-78"&gt;[78]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Environmental_effects"&gt;Environmental effects&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"&gt;&lt;div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"&gt;See also: &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_exhaust" title="Diesel exhaust"&gt;Diesel exhaust&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" title="Environmental effects of transport"&gt;Environmental effects of transport&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Truck.car.transporter.arp.750pix.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Truck.car.transporter.arp.750pix.jpg/220px-Truck.car.transporter.arp.750pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Truck.car.transporter.arp.750pix.jpg/330px-Truck.car.transporter.arp.750pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Truck.car.transporter.arp.750pix.jpg/440px-Truck.car.transporter.arp.750pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="573"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Truck.car.transporter.arp.750pix.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAF_Trucks" title="DAF Trucks"&gt;DAF&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor_unit" title="Tractor unit"&gt;tractor&lt;/a&gt; with an auto-transport &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-trailer" title="Semi-trailer"&gt;semi-trailer&lt;/a&gt; carrying &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Octavia" title="Škoda Octavia"&gt;Škoda Octavia&lt;/a&gt; cars in &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff"&gt;Cardiff&lt;/a&gt;, Wales&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"&gt;&lt;table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="mbox-image"&gt;&lt;div class="mbox-image-div"&gt;&lt;img alt="Ambox current red Asia Australia.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="mbox-text"&gt;&lt;div class="mbox-text-span"&gt;This section needs to be &lt;b&gt;updated&lt;/b&gt;. The reason given is: see talk page.&lt;span class="hide-when-compact"&gt; Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="date-container"&gt;&lt;i&gt;(&lt;span class="date"&gt;February 2021&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;p&gt;Trucks contribute to air, noise, and &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution"&gt;water pollution&lt;/a&gt; similarly to &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile"&gt;automobiles&lt;/a&gt;. Trucks may&lt;sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"&gt;&lt;span title="This information is too vague. (April 2019)"&gt;vague&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; emit lower &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution"&gt;air pollution&lt;/a&gt; emissions than cars per equivalent vehicle mass, although the absolute level per vehicle distance traveled is higher, and &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_exhaust" title="Diesel exhaust"&gt;diesel exhaust&lt;/a&gt; is especially dangerous for health.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-79"&gt;[79]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; EPA measures pollution from trucks.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-80"&gt;[80]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; With respect to &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution"&gt;noise pollution&lt;/a&gt;, trucks emit considerably higher sound levels at all speeds compared to typical cars; this contrast is particularly strong with heavy-duty trucks.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-81"&gt;[81]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; There are several aspects of truck operations that contribute to the overall sound that is emitted. Continuous sounds are those from &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire" title="Tire"&gt;tires&lt;/a&gt; rolling on the roadway and the constant hum of their diesel engines at highway speeds. Less frequent noises, but perhaps more noticeable, are things like the repeated sharp-pitched whistle of a &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger"&gt;turbocharger&lt;/a&gt; on acceleration, or the abrupt blare of an &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaust_brake" title="Exhaust brake"&gt;exhaust brake&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retarder_(mechanical_engineering)" title="Retarder (mechanical engineering)"&gt;retarder&lt;/a&gt; when traversing a downgrade. There has been &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_regulation" title="Noise regulation"&gt;noise regulation&lt;/a&gt; put in place to help control where and when the use of &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_braking" title="Engine braking"&gt;engine braking&lt;/a&gt; retarders are allowed. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Over a quarter of global transport &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions"&gt;CO&lt;sub style="font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em"&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions&lt;/a&gt; are from road freight,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-82"&gt;[82]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; so many countries are further restricting truck CO&lt;sub style="font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em"&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions to help &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation"&gt;limit climate change&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-83"&gt;[83]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;According to a 1995 U.S.&amp;nbsp;government estimate, the energy cost of carrying one &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton" title="Ton"&gt;ton&lt;/a&gt; of freight a distance of one kilometer averages 337&amp;nbsp;kJ for water, 221&amp;nbsp;kJ for rail, 2,000&amp;nbsp;kJ for trucks, and nearly 13,000&amp;nbsp;kJ for air transport.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-84"&gt;[84]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Many environmental organizations favor laws and incentives to encourage the switch from road to rail, especially in Europe.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-85"&gt;[85]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament"&gt;European Parliament&lt;/a&gt; is moving to ensure that charges on heavy-goods vehicles should be based in part on the air and noise pollution they produce and the congestion they cause, according to legislation approved by the Transport Committee.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-86"&gt;[86]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovignette" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurovignette"&gt;Eurovignette&lt;/a&gt; scheme has been proposed, whereby new charges would be potentially levied against things such as noise and air pollution and also weight related damages from the lorries themselves.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-87"&gt;[87]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A 60-tonne tractor &amp;amp; trailer at 80&amp;nbsp;km/h needs 168&amp;nbsp;kW&amp;nbsp;: 41% (68&amp;nbsp;kW) to overcome the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_resistance" title="Rolling resistance"&gt;rolling resistance&lt;/a&gt;, 38% (64&amp;nbsp;kW) for the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamic_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerodynamic drag"&gt;aerodynamic drag&lt;/a&gt;, 9% (15&amp;nbsp;kW) for the auxiliaries, 7% (12&amp;nbsp;kW) for the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driveline" class="mw-redirect" title="Driveline"&gt;driveline&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire" title="Tire"&gt;tire&lt;/a&gt; and 6% (10&amp;nbsp;kW) is lost in uphill/downhill &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteresis" title="Hysteresis"&gt;hysteresis&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-88"&gt;[88]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Operator_health_and_safety"&gt;Operator health and safety&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Truck_cab_filters.png" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="An orange metal housing with an open panel containing three horizontal stacked filters" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Truck_cab_filters.png/220px-Truck_cab_filters.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Truck_cab_filters.png/330px-Truck_cab_filters.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Truck_cab_filters.png/440px-Truck_cab_filters.png 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="533"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Truck_cab_filters.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Truck cab filter housing using a contiguous series of pre-, HEPA, and charcoal panel filters&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;A truck cab is a &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls"&gt;hazard control&lt;/a&gt; that protects the truck operator from hazardous airborne pollutants. As an enclosure, it is an example of an &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_controls" title="Engineering controls"&gt;engineering control&lt;/a&gt;. Enclosed operator cabs have been used on agriculture, mining, and construction vehicles for several decades. Most modern-day enclosed cabs have &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC"&gt;heating, ventilation, and air conditioning&lt;/a&gt; (HVAC) systems for primarily maintaining a comfortable temperature and providing breathable air for their occupants. Various levels of filtration can be incorporated into the HVAC system to remove airborne pollutants such as &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust" title="Dust"&gt;dusts&lt;/a&gt;, diesel particulate matter (DPM), and other &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol"&gt;aerosols&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-:0_89-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-:0-89"&gt;[89]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Two key elements of an effective environmental enclosure are a good filtration system and an enclosure with good integrity (sealed isolation from the outside environment). It is recommended that a filtration system filter out at least 95% or greater of airborne respirable aerosols from the intake airflow, with an additional recirculation filtering component for the inside air. Good enclosure integrity is also needed to achieve &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_pressure" title="Positive pressure"&gt;positive pressure&lt;/a&gt; to prevent wind-driven aerosol penetration into the enclosure&lt;i&gt;,&lt;/i&gt; as well as to minimize air leakage around the filtration system. Test methods and mathematical modeling of environmental enclosures are also beneficial for quantifying and optimizing filtration system designs, as well as maintaining optimum protection factor performance for enclosure occupants.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-:0_89-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-:0-89"&gt;[89]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Operations_issues"&gt;Operations issues&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Taxes"&gt;Taxes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;Commercial trucks in the US pay higher road use taxes on a state level than other road vehicles and are subject to extensive regulation.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-90"&gt;[90]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; A few reasons commercial trucks pay higher road use taxes: they are bigger and heavier than most other vehicles, and cause more wear and tear per hour on roadways; and trucks and their drivers are on the road for more hours per day. Rules on use taxes differ among jurisdictions. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Damage_to_pavement"&gt;Damage to pavement&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;The life of a pavement is measured by the number of passes of a vehicle axle. It may be evaluated using the Load Equivalency Factor,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-91"&gt;[91]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; which states that the damage by the pass of a vehicle axle is proportional to the 4th power of the weight, so a ten-ton axle consumes 10,000 times the life of the pavement as a one-ton axle. For that reason, loaded trucks cost the same as thousands of cars in pavement costs, and are subject to higher taxes and highway tolls.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Chatti_36-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-Chatti-36"&gt;[36]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-FHA_37-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-FHA-37"&gt;[37]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Commercial_insurance"&gt;Commercial insurance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;Primary liability insurance coverage protects the truck from damage or injuries to other people as a result of a truck accident. This truck insurance coverage is mandated by U.S.&amp;nbsp;state and federal agencies, and proof of coverage is required to be sent to them. Interstate trucks in the U.S. are required to have a minimum of $75,000 in liability insurance. This includes motor carriers operating vehicles with a gross weight rating in excess of 10,000&amp;nbsp;lb (4.5&amp;nbsp;t) (which transport non-hazardous materials). All motor carriers operating vehicles transporting materials classified as hazardous, and which have a gross weight rating in excess of 10,000&amp;nbsp;lb (4.5&amp;nbsp;t) must have a minimum of $1,000,000 in liability insurance. All motor carriers operating vehicles such as hopper-type cargo vehicles or tankers with a capacity in excess of 3,500&amp;nbsp;US&amp;nbsp;gal (13,000&amp;nbsp;l) must have a minimum of $5,000,000 in liability insurance. Pricing is dependent on region, driving records, and history of the trucking operation. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Motor truck cargo insurance protects the transporter for his responsibility in the event of damaged or lost freight. The policy is purchased with a maximum load limit per vehicle. Cargo insurance coverage limits can range from $10,000 to $100,000 or more. Pricing for this insurance is mainly dependent on the type of cargo being hauled. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Safety"&gt;Safety&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Trucking_accidents"&gt;Trucking accidents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elst_(Overbetuwe)_2012-03-23_Trucking_accident_(1).JPG" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Elst_%28Overbetuwe%29_2012-03-23_Trucking_accident_%281%29.JPG/220px-Elst_%28Overbetuwe%29_2012-03-23_Trucking_accident_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Elst_%28Overbetuwe%29_2012-03-23_Trucking_accident_%281%29.JPG/330px-Elst_%28Overbetuwe%29_2012-03-23_Trucking_accident_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Elst_%28Overbetuwe%29_2012-03-23_Trucking_accident_%281%29.JPG/440px-Elst_%28Overbetuwe%29_2012-03-23_Trucking_accident_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elst_(Overbetuwe)_2012-03-23_Trucking_accident_(1).JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Trucking accident at &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elst,_Overbetuwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Elst, Overbetuwe"&gt;Elst (Netherlands)&lt;/a&gt; 2012-03-23&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;In 2002 and 2004, there were over 5,000 fatalities related to trucking accidents in the United States. The trucking industry has since made significant efforts in increasing safety regulations. In 2008, the industry had successfully lowered the fatality rate to just over 4,000 deaths, but trucking accidents are still an issue that causes thousands of deaths and injuries each year. Approximately 6,000 trucking accident fatalities occur annually in the United States. Fatalities are not the only issue caused by trucking accidents. Here are some of the environmental issues that arise with trucking accidents: &lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;14.4% of trucking accidents cause cargo to spill&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;6.5% cause open flames&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;Following increased pressure from &lt;i&gt;The Times&lt;/i&gt; "Cities Fit For Cycling" campaign and from other media in Spring 2012, warning signs are now displayed on the backs of many &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_goods_vehicle" title="Large goods vehicle"&gt;heavy goods vehicles&lt;/a&gt; (HGV). These signs are directed against a common type of accident that occurs when the large vehicle turns left at a junction: a cyclist trying to pass on the nearside can be crushed against the HGV's wheels, especially if the driver cannot see the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclist"&gt;cyclist&lt;/a&gt;. The signs, such as the winning design of the &lt;a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intandemcompetition.com/"&gt;InTANDEM road safety competition&lt;/a&gt; launched in March 2012, advocate extra care when passing a large vehicle on the nearside. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="HGV_safety_in_the_EU"&gt;HGV safety in the EU&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;In-vehicle speed limitation is required applying a 90&amp;nbsp;km/h limit to commercial vehicles over 3.5 tonnes.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-EU_Safety_92-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-EU_Safety-92"&gt;[92]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Front, side, and rear underrun protection is required on commercial vehicles over 3.5 tonnes.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-EU_Safety_92-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-EU_Safety-92"&gt;[92]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Trucks must be fitted with blind-spot mirrors that give drivers a wider field of vision than conventional mirrors.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck#cite_note-93"&gt;[93]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="See_also"&gt;See also&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1093669538"&gt;.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portalbox&gt;ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalborder&gt;ul{padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox&gt;ul&gt;li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portalbox&gt;ul&gt;li&gt;span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox&gt;ul&gt;li&gt;span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}<div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint plainlist portalbox portalborder tright"> <ul> <li><span><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000"></a></span><span><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport portal</a></span></li> <li><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg/32px-Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="12" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg/48px-Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg/64px-Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="219"></span><span><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Cars portal</a></span></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r998391716">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}

• Air brake
• Animal transporter
• Articulated hauler
• Autonomous truck
• Ballast tractor
• Campervan
• Cutaway van chassis
• Dekotora, Japanese decorated trucks
• Food truck
• Glossary of the American trucking industry
• Great West Truck Show
• Hand truck
• Kei truck
• Haul truck
• Large goods vehicle
• List of military trucks
• List of pickup trucks
• List of trucks
• Logging truck
• Multi-stop truck
• Roll-off truck
• Tail lift
• Traffic congestion
• Truck art in South Asia
• Truck classification
• Truck hijacking
• Truck scale
• Truck stop

References

1. ^ "Glossary" (PDF). www.trucking.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
2. ^ Gies, Erica (18 December 2017). "Electric Trucks Begin Reporting for Duty, Quietly and Without All the Fumes". Inside Climate News. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2021. Replacing fleets of medium- and heavy-duty trucks can help cut greenhouse gas emissions and make cities quieter and cleaner. Because trucks need so much hauling power, they have eluded electrification until recently; a battery that could pull significant weight would itself be too hefty and too expensive. But now, improvements in battery technology are paying off, bringing down both size and cost. The number of hybrid-electric and electric trucks is set to grow almost 25 percent annually, from 1 percent of the market in 2017 to 7 percent in 2027, a jump from about 40,000 electric trucks worldwide this year to 371,000.
3. ^ "Truck History". About.com. Retrieved 6 September 2008.
4. ^ "Autocar, Always up, Our History". Autocar, LLC. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
5. ^ "Debut of diesel engines in tractors and trucks". Daimler AG. Archived from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
6. ^ Davies, Peter J. (2000). The World Encyclopedia of Trucks. Lorenz Books. pp. 20–21, 114, 118, 160, 204. ISBN 0-7548-0518-2.
7. ^ Motor's Truck and Diesel Repair Manual (26 ed.). Motor. 1973. pp. 530, 1035. ISBN 0-910992-16-9.
8. ^ "AutoCar Archives". Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
9. ^ Profita, Cassandra (26 June 2020). "California's Landmark Electric Truck Rule Targets 'Diesel Death Zone'". National Public Radio. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021. California will require automakers to sell more electric trucks starting in 2024. The measure, approved unanimously Thursday by the California Air Resources Board, says that by 2045 all new trucks sold in the state should be zero-emissions.
10. ^ Shephardson, David; Groom, Nichola (25 June 2020). "California passes landmark mandate for zero emission trucks". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021. The mandate, which applies to medium-duty and large trucks, will put an estimated 300,000 zero-emission trucks on the road by 2035. The mandate will start in the 2024 model year and initially require 5%–9% zero emission vehicles (ZEV) based on class, rising to 30%–50% by 2030. By 2045, all vehicles should be ZEVs. The regulation would apply to pickup trucks weighing 8,500 pounds or more, but not to light-duty trucks, which are covered by separate zero emission regulations.
11. ^ "Truck" Archived 9 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine Merriam-Webster Dictionary
12. ^ "Truck" Archived 29 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine Online Etymology Dictionary 16 September 2010
13. ^ "lurry, v." Oxford English Dictionary Online. Oxford University Press. September 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
14. ^ "Lorry" Archived 20 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine Online Etymology Dictionary 16 September 2010
15. ^ "Lorry" Archived 11 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine Merriam-Webster Dictionary
16. ^ "The First Ute". ABC – Radio Australia. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
17. ^ "49CFR571". Archived from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
18. ^ "お問い合わせ" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
19. ^ "Chapter 3. HEAVY TRUCKS – Center for Transportation" (PDF) cta.ornl.gov 20 August 2015
20. ^ "An ALMA Antenna on the Move". ESO Picture of the Week. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
21. ^ a b "Heavy Vehicle (Mass, Dimension and loading) National Regulation Schedule 1 (NSW)". New South Wales Government. Archived from the original on 27 July 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
22. ^ a b "Heavy Vehicle (Mass, Dimension and loading) National Regulation Schedule 6 (NSW)". New South Wales Government. Archived from the original on 27 July 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
23. ^ a b "Council Directive 96/53/EC laying down for certain road vehicles circulating within the Community the maximum authorized dimensions in national and international traffic and the maximum authorized weights in international traffic". EUR-Lex. Archived from the original on 24 August 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
24. ^ "Freight Management and Operations: Bridge Formula Weights". US Department of Transportation. 21 May 2015. Archived from the original on 12 February 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
25. ^ Harborn, Mats; Feng, Feng; Xu, Tommy (2013). "Chinese Road Transport Mass and Dimensions Regulations – An Analysis of the Challenges Ahead". road-transport-technology.org. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
26. ^ "Asetus ajoneuvojen käytöstä tiellä". Finlex. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
27. ^ "Guidelines on Maximum Weights and Dimensions" (PDF). Ireland Road Safety Authority. February 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 July 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
28. ^ "Trafikförordningen". Riksdagen. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
29. ^ "A Guide to Haulage & Courier Vehicle Types & Weights" (PDF). Returnloads.net. Archived from the original on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
30. ^ "Federal Size Regulations for Commercial Motor Vehicles". US Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
31. ^ "Compilation of Exixting State Truck Size and Weight Limit Laws". US Department of Transportation. May 2015. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
32. ^ Egan, Paul (13 March 2018). "Does your body ache from hitting potholes? 5 reasons Michigan has lousy roads". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
33. ^ Anderson, Bill (17 August 2018). "Michigan's Road Spending: How do we stack up?". Southeast Michigan Council of Governments. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
34. ^ Haddad, Ken (22 February 2018). "Pothole questions: Why are Ohio's roads better than Michigan's roads? MDOT points to lack of funding compared to Ohio". Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
35. ^ Oosting, Jonathhan (2 December 2014). "Michigan road funding: Proposal to cut truck weight limits fails in state Senate". MLive. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
36. ^ a b Chatti, K. (February 2009). "Effect of Michigan Multi-Axle Trucks on Pavement Distress" (PDF). Michigan DOT and Michigan State University, Final Report, Executive Summary, Project RC-1504. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2020.
37. ^ a b "Pavement Comparative Analysis Technical Report Comprehensive Truck Size and Weight Limits Study" (PDF). U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. 15 June 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 January 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
38. ^ Egan, Paul (19 April 2019). "Experts weigh in on how much Michigan's heavy trucks damage the state's roads". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
39. ^ Egan, Paul (1 March 2019). "Fixing Michigan's crumbling roads: What about the heavy trucks?". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
40. ^ Davies (2000), pp. 58–61.
41. ^ Operators Handbook-DM, DMM, U Series. Mack Trucks. 1988. pp. 62–64.
42. ^ "EU: Heavy-Duty Truck and Bus Engines". DieselNet. November 2016. Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
43. ^ Raynal, Wes (26 February 2021). "Electric Truck Maker Nikola Is Cutting Production Target, Again". Autoweek. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
44. ^ Salisbury, Mark (25 February 2021). "DHL Freight and Volvo Trucks join to introduce long-distance electric trucks". FleetPoint. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
45. ^ "Want a Nikola hydrogen-electric truck? You will have to wait". FreightWaves. 17 April 2019. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
46. ^ Lambert, Fred (11 January 2019). "Tesla Semi receives another order, electric trucks will move goods in Europe". Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
47. ^ "California takes bold step to reduce truck pollution | California Air Resources Board". ww2.arb.ca.gov. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
48. ^ "Daimler Truck and Mercedes-Benz part ways". The Economist. 4 February 2021. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
49. ^ "Climate change: Electric trucks 'can compete with diesel ones'". BBC News. 8 April 2021. Archived from the original on 9 April 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
50. ^ Davies (2000), pp. 30–31.
51. ^ "Concrete Mixers (company site)". McNeilus. 2016. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
52. ^ "Truck Mixers Summary (Sales Brocure)" (PDF). Stetter. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
53. ^ Davies (2000), pp. 34–35.
54. ^ "Dump Truck Operator Manual" (PDF). Galion-Godwin Truck Body Co. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
55. ^ Davies (2000), pp. 28–29.
56. ^ Davies (2000), pp. 32–33.
57. ^ Davies (2000), pp. 46–47.
58. ^ "HDR 70/85 Wrecker Operations and Maintenance Manual" (PDF). Jerr-Dan. 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
59. ^ "Owner's Manual 820 Wrecker/FIIIT" (PDF). Miller Industries. 1997. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
60. ^ "Annual Report 2015". Daimler. 2016. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
61. ^ "Form 10K Navistar International Corp". US Securities and Exchange Commission. 2016. p. 48. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
62. ^ "2015 Annual Report" (PDF). Dongfeng. 2016. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
63. ^ "70th Annual Report 2015-2015" (PDF). Tata. 2016. p. 53. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
64. ^ "Annual and Sustainability Report 2015" (PDF). Volvo. 2016. p. 91. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
65. ^ "Annual Report 2015" (PDF). Volkswagen. 2016. p. 98. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
66. ^ "Financial Reports for the Fiscal Year Ending" (PDF). Hino Motors. 2016. p. 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
67. ^ "2015 Annual Report" (PDF). PACCAR. 2016. p. 28. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
68. ^ "2015 Annual Report" (PDF). CNH. 2016. p. 60. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
69. ^ "South Australia License class information". Gov't of South Australia. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
70. ^ "Commercial Drivers License". National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2008.
71. ^ "Hours of Service Rules". US Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. 18 December 2014. Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
72. ^ "Truck Drivers and Drivers/Sales Workers". Occupational Outlook Handbook. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. 18 December 2007. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 25 January 2008.
73. ^ Morris, Frank (11 February 2019). "Facing A Critical Shortage Of Drivers, The Trucking Industry Is Changing" (Audio). Morning edition. National Public Radio. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
74. ^ "Sweatshops on Wheels". Oxford University Press. July 2000. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
75. ^ Belzer, Michael H. (24 August 2000). Sweatshops on Wheels: Winners and Losers in Trucking Deregulation (Hardcover). Oxford University Press, USA. p. 272. ISBN 0-19-512886-9. ISBN 978-0-19-512886-4.
76. ^ "Sweatshops on Wheels," U.S. News & World Report.
77. ^ "Sweatshops on Wheels." The Washington Post
78. ^ "Large Truck and Bus Crash Facts 2018 | FMCSA". www.fmcsa.dot.gov. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
79. ^ "Heavy-Duty Truck and Bus Engines". dieselnet.com. Archived from the original on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 6 September 2008.
80. ^ Average In-Use Emissions from Heavy-Duty Trucks Archived 14 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine (PDF), pages 4–5. EPA, 2008
81. ^ C. Michael Hogan (1973). "Analysis of highway noise". Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. Springer Science+Business Media. 2 (3): 387–392. Bibcode:1973WASP....2..387H. doi:10.1007/BF00159677. S2CID 109914430. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
82. ^ "Cars, planes, trains: where do CO2 emissions from transport come from?". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
83. ^ "EU countries agree to 30 percent cut in truck CO2 emissions". Reuters. 20 December 2018. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
84. ^ "U.S. Domestic Freight Transportation". United States Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 6 September 2008.
85. ^ "How Government policy can realize rail freight's role in reducing carbon emissions". FreightOnRail.org.uk. Archived from the original on 20 August 2008. Retrieved 6 September 2008.
86. ^ MEPs push for green tolls Archived 16 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine Last retrieved 11-02-09
87. ^ European Parliament discuss Eurovignette scheme Archived 16 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine Last retrieved 10-02-09
88. ^ Nils-Olof Nylund (2013). "Vehicle energy efficiencies" (PDF). VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
89. ^ a b Organiscak, J.; Cecala, A.; Hall, R. (June 2018). "Design, Testing, and Modeling of Environmental Enclosures for Controlling Worker Exposure to Airborne Contaminants". U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Archived from the original on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
90. ^ "Trucking Industry Operating Taxes State of Georgia". Archived from the original on 1 September 2006. Retrieved 18 August 2006.
91. ^ "Road wear from heavy vehicles – an overview". NVF committee Vehicles and Transports. August 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
92. ^ a b "Heavy goods vehicles". Mobility and transport – European Commission. 17 October 2016. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
93. ^ "Blind spot mirrors". Mobilità u Trasport – European Commission. 17 October 2016. Archived from the original on 19 July 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Truck.

• Truck at Curlie
• Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration
• Different sizes and classes of trucks in the UK
• Hutchinson, Rollin W., Jr. (January 1912). "Motor Trucks – The New Freighters: Quicker and More Reliable Service, Cleaner and Less Congested Cities, Concrete Examples of Saving". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XXIII: 268–187. Retrieved 10 July 2009.